虽然博客不仅仅是媒体,但是业界和学术界最热衷的还是作为媒体的博客。博客究竟是什么样的新媒体?会给媒体世界带来如何的影响和革命?博客与传统媒体、传统电子媒体的区别有在哪里?这些问题刺激而玄妙,吸引了无数人的关注和沉迷。
在我掌握的资料中(还有大量的重要资料我今后会陆续登出,希望对大家了解和研究有所帮助),美国新闻业研究所(American Press Institute)属下的“媒体中心”(The Media Center),于2003年7月出版的研究报告《互媒体:受众如何塑造新闻和信息的未来(We Media:)》是最有价值的文献之一。这份60多页的报告(PDF版本可以方便下载),是当下最系统阐述以博客为代表的个人媒体的文献之一。报告的执笔是亚特兰大的媒体咨询和设计公司Hypergene的两位人士 Chris Willis和Shayne Bowman。著名IT专栏作家和We Media概念的旗手Dan Gillmor撰写了前言。
“我们正在开启一个新闻业的黄金时代,但是这个新闻业不是我们通常熟知的新闻业。媒体未来学家已经预言,到2021年,50%的新闻将由公众提供,主流新闻媒体不得不逐步采纳和实践这种全新的形式。”显然,本文的主题也是用于说明以博客为代表的个人媒体给新闻业带来的挑战和机遇。
要读好这份报告,几个关键的新名词需要有所了解。一个当然就是本报告的题目“We Media”,这个词汇还不知道翻译成什么才是最恰当,“自媒体”?“我媒体”?“互媒体?还是我们媒体?反正有点可以意会不能言传的感觉。报告中还有几个与“We Media”的同义词,最频繁的就是“participatory media”(共享媒体),还有“social media”(社会媒体),“collaborative media”(协同媒体)。这些琳琅满目的词汇转化为中文,还可以说为“互动媒体”、“互助媒体”等等,实在让人头晕。在尼格罗庞帝《数字化生存》中也有一个类似的词汇,叫“The Daily Me”(我的日报)。
这些词汇核心的内涵就是:新闻业再也不是媒体公司和专业记者自上而下的“广播”过程(broadcast),而越来越成为一种受众、编辑、记者等一起互动的自下而上的“网播”过程(intercast)。要点就是受众不再是被动的角色,而是新闻的参与者和创造者。受众作为主动的角色,参与到新闻和信息的收集、报道、分析和传播过程。理想的目标就是:未来人人都可以是记者。
与传统媒体模式的最大不同在于,共享媒体是“先发表出版,然后过滤筛选”的方式,而传统媒体是“先过滤筛选,然后发表出版”。
为了避免让大家晕头转向,以下暂且以“互媒体”来统一以上称呼。
报告总共分为7章,以及一个非常有价值的参考资料的附录:
1. Introduction to participatory journalism
互媒体概述
2. Cultural context: Behind the explosion of participatory media
文化背景:互媒体爆发的后面
3. How participatory journalism is taking form
互媒体的形式
共享参与的规则
5. Implications for media and journalism
对媒体和新闻业的意义
6. Potential benefits of We Media
互媒体的潜在优势
媒体如何应对
Appendix: Resources for We Media
互媒体相关资料和资源
当然,除了博客,互媒体还有很多,包括一些新的,还有一些我们熟悉的:讨论组、用户个人出版、协同出版、P2P系统和XML协同等。
作者罗列的相关参考书籍很不错,比较全面而且精选:
Books
Network theory
Linked: The New Science of Networks
by Albert-László Barabási
Also: Author site
Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age
by Duncan J. Watts
Small Worlds
by Duncan J. Watts
Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks
by Mark Buchanan
Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order
by Steven Strogatz
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
by Steven Johnson
Also: Author weblog
The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
by Malcolm Gladwell
Also: Author site
The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex
by Harold J. Morowitz
Online community
Design for Community: The Art of Connecting Real People in Virtual Places
by Derek M. Powazek
Also: Book site
Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities
by Amy Jo Kim
The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier
by Howard Rheingold
Online Communities: Designing Usability and Supporting Sociability
by Jennifer Preece
Weblogs
The Weblog Handbook: Practical Advice on Creating and Maintaining Your Blog
by Rebecca Blood
Also: Author weblog
We’ve Got Blog: How Weblogs Are Changing Our Culture
by Editors of Perseus Publishing, Rebecca Blood
We Blog: Publishing Online with Weblogs
by Paul Bausch, Meg Hourihan, Matt Haughey
Also: Book weblog
Essential Blogging
by Shelley Powers (Editor), et al (Paperback)
Also: Author weblog
Blogging: Genius Strategies for Instant Web Content
by Biz Stone
Running Weblogs With Slash
by Chromatic, et al
Blog On: Building Online Communities With Weblogs
by Todd Stauffer
Journalism
The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect
by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosensteil
Warp Speed: America in the Age of the Mixed Media Culture
by Bill Kovach, Tom Rosenstiel
News Values: Ideas for an Information Age
by Jack Fuller
The News About the News: American Journalism in Peril
by Leonard Downie Jr., Robert G. Kaiser
The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories That Shape the Political World
by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Paul Waldman
Other
Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution
by Howard Rheingold
Also: Book weblog
Small Pieces Loosely Joined: A Unified Theory of the Web
by David Weinberger
Also: Author weblog
TRUST: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order
by Francis Fukuyama
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
by Robert D. Putnam
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
by Lawrence Lessig
The Cluetrain Manifesto: The End of Business as Usual
by Christopher Locke, et al
The Visionary’s Handbook: Nine Paradoxes That will Shape the Future of Your Business
by Watts Wacker, Jim Taylor
The Deviant’s Advantage: How Fringe Ideas Create Mass Markets
by Ryan Mathews, Watts Wacker
对于博客的研究还有很多不错的资料和文章,散落在以下重要的媒体机构的网站之中,大家需要时间好好漫游寻找,希望发现好文章就给大家分享一下:
在线年报(Transitions Online Annual Report)
新闻周刊媒介研究索引(News week Media Research Index)
新闻观察在线(Online Journalism Review)
编辑与出版(Editor& Publisher Home Page)
美国报业协会(Newspaper Association of America)
美国新闻业研究所(American Press Institute Home)
美国报业在线(American Society of Newspaper Editors Online)
研究报告《互媒体:受众如何塑造新闻和信息的未来》PDF版下载
你可以使用这个链接引用该篇文章 http://publishblog.blogchina.com/blog/tb.b?diaryID=76